Introduction of copper

January 16, 2024

Copper is one of the earliest human discovered an ancient metal, and began to use copper as early as 3,000 years ago humans. Metallic copper, elemental symbol Cu, atomic weight 63.54, specific gravity 8.92, melting point 1083oC. Pure copper is light rose or reddish, and the surface is copper-copper when it forms a copper oxide film. Copper has many valuable physicochemical properties, such as high thermal conductivity and electrical conductivity, strong chemical stability, high tensile strength, easy fusion, corrosion resistance, plasticity, and ductility. Pure copper can be drawn into very thin copper wire to make a very thin copper foil. It can form alloys with metals such as zinc , tin , lead , manganese , cobalt , nickel , aluminum and iron . The development of copper smelting technology has gone through a long process, but so far copper smelting is still dominated by pyrometallurgical smelting, and its output is about 85% of the world's total copper production.
1) Pyrometallurgical smelting generally firstly increases the raw ore containing a few percent or a few thousandth of copper by beneficiation to 20-30%, as a copper concentrate, in a closed blast furnace, reverberatory furnace, electric furnace or flash furnace. The smelting smelting is carried out, and the produced smelting (copper copper) is then sent to a converter for blowing into blister copper, and then oxidized and refined in another reverberatory furnace to remove impurities, or cast into an anode plate for electrolysis, and the grade is up to 99.9% electrolytic copper. The process is short and adaptable, and the recovery rate of copper can reach 95%. However, the sulfur in the ore is discharged as sulfur dioxide exhaust gas in the two stages of smelting and blowing, which is difficult to recycle and easily causes pollution. In recent years appear as white bath smelting silver method, Noranda method as well as Japan's Mitsubishi method, pyrometallurgical gradually to the continuous, automated development.
2) Modern wet smelting has sulphation roasting-leaching-electrowinning, leaching-extraction-electrowinning, bacterial leaching, etc., suitable for low-grade complex ore, copper oxide ore, copper-containing waste ore heap leaching, tank leaching Or leaching on the spot. Wet smelting technology is gradually being promoted. It is expected to reach 20% of the total output by the end of the century. The introduction of wet smelting will greatly reduce the cost of copper smelting.

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